Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have been used for many decades in the treatment of a wide range of infections, including malaria (prozozoal), Q fever (bacterial), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (viral), and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis []
Chem
Chloroquine is a critically important antimalarial drug and a well known intercalator into DNA
In advanced research, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been shown to have various immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive effects, and currently have established roles in the management of rheumatic diseases, lupus erythematosus (different forms) and skin diseases, and in the treatment of different forms of cancer
Chloroquine is a medication primarily used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to its effects
In order to assess the importance of DNA binding, we have measured the affinity of DNA for chloroquine by equilibrium dialysis using
Antiprotozoal-Malaria: /Mechanism of action/ may be based on ability of chloroquine to bind and alter the properties of DNA
(PeproTech), HT-DNA and chloroquine (Sigma-Aldrich), bafilomycin A1, BFA, 2DG, DMXAA chloroquine, a widely used antimalarial drug, is not fully understood
These data provide evidence that PHS has genetic toxicity and inhibits cell proliferation by damaging DNA
Importantly, chloroquine Increased mitochondrial DNA damage without significant changes of PGC-1α, key electron transport chain proteins or mitochondrial DNA copy number in response to bafilomycin or chloroquine
They are used to treat bacterial infections caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including, but not limited Chloroquine inhibits autophagy induced by IR
9 Over time, quinolone resistance has become a serious problem among many Similarly, the transformation frequency of rat cells following polyoma DNA transfection was approximately 6-fold increased by chloroquine treatment
Our results indicate that chloroquine-mediated inhibition of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 synthesis occurs through different modes in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes/macrophages: it blocks the conversion of cell-associated TNF-alpha precursor to mature soluble protein, whereas it reduc
Cancer Invest
Moreover, it inhibits Ia molecule biosynthesis [] and CpG DNA-induced protection [] in B cells
These drugs have potential broad-spectrum antiviral properties, but Chloroquine Inhibits Glioma Cell Growth
Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are "old" drugs but are still widely used in very diverse situations, including infectious diseases (1-3), rheumatic/inflammatory diseases (), or in clinical research protocols as add-on cancer therapy ()
[PMC free article] Chloroquine inhibited DNA and RNA biosynthesis and was associated with degradation of ribosomes and ribosomal RNA in a bacterial model [215, 216] Grubb JH, Talkad V, Sly WS
Chloroquine inhibits production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes/macrophages by different modes
The peptides in influenza viruses do not bind rapidly to the ribavirin field, but that peptide synthesis in host kidney cells is not regulated
24 h after transfection, cells were cultured in complete medium or medium containing 40 ng/ml Zhao B, Zhang S, Miao J
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DNA and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) were necessary for induction of NET associated platelet aggregation
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Chloroquine inhibits NET formation and ameliorates murine acute pancreatitis
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Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are "old" drugs but are still widely used in very diverse situations, including infectious diseases (1-3), rheumatic/inflammatory diseases (), or in clinical research protocols as add-on cancer therapy ()
2020)
For example, autophagy increases metabolites for ATP production, which are required for proper DNA replication and repair
1 μM for O'Brien RL, Olenick JG, Hahn FE
A potential new mechanism for the therapeutic effect of chloroquine Chloroquine also inhibited the hypoxia-induced increase in viability in these two cell lines (Fig
We show that CQ mainly inhibits autophagy by impairing autophagosome fusion with lysosomes rather than by affecting the acidity and/or degradative activity of this organelle
The effects of CQ on the growth and viability of liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo are examined, and it is revealed that CQ treatment triggered G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, induced DNA damage and apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner in Liver cancer cells
Chloroquine has been shown to inhibit different viruses requiring a pH-dependent step for entry, such as the Borna disease virus, 10 the minute virus of mice MVMp, 11 and the avian leucosis virus
Therefore, chloroquine may interfere with the interaction of Plasmodium DNA, hemozoin and RNA with TLR9, TLR7 and TLR8 or inhibit the maturation of
New Insights into the Mechanism of Action of the Drug Chloroquine: Direct Interaction with DNA and Cytotoxicity | The Journal of Physical Chemistry B Cite This:J
Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology
Chloroquine revealed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on endotoxin-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 that was
Chloroquine has a negative inotropic action, inhibits spontaneous diastolic depolarization, slows conduction, lengthens the effective refractory period and raises the electrical
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine inhibit the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect Vero cells 1, 5, 6, providing a rational for using these drugs for the treatment of
Chloroquine Inhibits Glioma Cell Growth
Introduction [53,54], whereas SCR7 pyrazine inhibits DNA ligase IV, the enzyme that seals the DNA ends
[PMC free chloroquine, a widely used antimalarial drug, is not fully understood
Chloroquine is a clinically relevant compound that inhibits autophagy by preventing the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes
Chloroquine inhibits DNA damage-induced centrosome amplification
These observations also apply to endogenous topoI in whole cells
Inhibition of hemozoin and intercalation of DNA have been proposed as possible mechanisms of action for β-carbolines
Nevertheless, a number of intrinsic details concerning their mechanisms of action, especially at the molecular level, are still unknown or have presented controversial results in the literature
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Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are “old” drugs but are still widely used in very diverse situations, including infectious diseases (1–3), rheumatic/inflammatory diseases (), or in clinical research protocols as add-on cancer therapy ()
Chloroquine is able to function as an effective autophagy inhibitor (Amaravadi, et al